#28 in_groups_of

- Ryan Bates
- May 7, 2007
- Uncategorized

Have you ever wanted to visually line up items in rows and columns? The in_groups_of method makes this a cinch. Just watch out for the gotcha.

Kickstart your next project with a Walking Skeleton

March 20, 2014

Editor’s Note: Today we have a guest post from Oren Dobzinski. Oren is a code quality evangelist, actively involved in writing and educating developers about maintainable code. He blogs about how to improve code quality at re-factor.com.

It’s the beginning of the project. You already have a rough idea of the architecture you’re going to build and you know the requirements. If you’re like me you’ll want to just start coding, but you hold yourself back, knowing that you should really start with an acceptance test.

Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. Your system needs to talk to a datastore or two, communicate with a couple internal services, and maybe an external service as well. Since it’s hard to build both the infrastructure and the business logic at the same time you make a few assumptions in your test and stub out these dependencies, adding them to your TODO list.

A couple of weeks pass, the deadline is getting close, and you come back to your list. But while working on the integration you find out that it’s really a pain to setup one of the datastores, and that there are a few security-related issues with the external service you need to sort out with the in-house security team. You also discover that the behavior of the external service is not what you expected. Maybe the service is slower than you anticipated, or requires multiple requests that weren’t well-documented or just because you don’t have a premium account. Oh, and you left the deployment scripts for the end so now you need to start cranking on that.

Naturally, it’s more complicated than you originally thought. At this point you’re deep in crunch mode and realize you might not hit the deadline because of the additional work you’ve just discovered and the need to wait for other teams for their input.

Deploy A Walking Skeleton First

In order to reduce risks on projects like the above you need to figure out all the unknowns as early as possible. The best way to do this is to have a real end-to-end test with no stubs against a system that’s deployed in production. Enter the Walking Skeleton: a “tiny implementation of the system that performs a small end-to-end function. It need not use the final architecture, but it should link together the main architectural components. The architecture and the functionality can then evolve in parallel.” - Alistair Cockburn. It is discussed extensively in the excellent GOOS book.[1]

If the system needs to talk to one or more datastores then the walking skeleton should perform a simple query against each of them, as well as simple requests against any external or internal service. If it needs to output something to the screen, insert an item to a queue or create a file, you need to exercise these in the simplest possible way. As part of building it you should write your deployment and build scripts, setup the project, including its tests, and make sure all the automations are in place — such as CI integration, monitoring and exception handling. The focus is the infrastructure, not the features. Only after you have your walking skeleton should you write your first acceptance test and begin the TDD cycle.

This is only the skeleton of the application, but the parts are connected and the skeleton does walk in the sense that it exercises all the system’s parts as you currently understand them. Because of this partial understanding, you must make the walking skeleton minimal. But it’s not a prototype and not a proof of concept — it’s production code, so you should definitely write tests as you work on it. These tests will assert things like “accepts a request”, “pushes some content to S3”, or “pushes an empty message to the queue”.

[1] A similar concept called “Tracer Bullets” was introduced in The Pragmatic Programmer.

Start with the Riskiest Task

According to Hofstadter’s Law, “It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter’s Law”. Amazingly, the law is always spot on. It makes sense then to work on the riskiest parts of the project first, which are usually the parts which have dependencies: on third party services, on in house services, on other groups in the organization you belong to. It makes sense to get the ball rolling with these groups simply because you don’t know how long it will take and what problems should arise.

Don’t Cut Corners

It’s important to stress that until the walking skeleton is deployed to production (possibly behind a feature flag or just hidden from the outside world) you are not ready to write the first acceptance test. You want to exercise your deployment and build scripts and discover as many potential problems as you can as early as possible.

The Walking Skeleton is a way to validate the design and get early feedback so that it can be improved. You will be missing this feedback if you cut corners or take shortcuts.

Kickstart the TDD process

You can also think about it as a way to start the TDD process. It can be daunting or just too much work to build the infrastructure along with the first acceptance test. Furthermore, changes in one may require changes in the other (it’s the “first-feature paradox” from GOOS). This is why you first work on the infrastructure and only then move on to work on the first feature.

Obstacles and Tradeoffs

By front-loading all infrastructure work you’re postponing the delivery of the first feature. Some managers might feel uncomfortable when this happens, as they expect very rapid pace at the beginning of the project. You might feel some pressure to cut corners. However, their confidence should increase when you deliver the walking skeleton and they have a real, albeit minimal, system to play with. Most hard problems in software development are communication problems, and this is no exception. You should explain how the walking skeleton will reduce unexpected delays at the end of the project.

The walking skeleton may not save you from the recursiveness of Hofstadter’s Law but it may make the last few days of the project a little more sane.

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